How To Germinate Coriander Seeds
Coriander
Botanical Name: Coriandrum sativum
Family : Apiaceae/ Umbelliferae
Coriander has an important place among spice crops. The word Coriander has originated from the Greek word Koris. Which means bug. Only its leaves and grains are used for eating. Sugar, protein and vitamin A are found in the leaves. Its green branches and leaves are used as a perfume for dishes. It is also used as a medicine. For example, coriander water is used for indigestion and other stomach diseases. It is also used to perfume oil, wine, chocolate and sweets. Coriander seeds are exported to Sri Lanka, Malaya and East Africa, which earns foreign currency.
Origin and Distribution - Coriander is believed to have originated from the Mediterranean region. In India it is grown everywhere for its green aromatic leaves, but for commercial spice crop it is grown in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Bihar and Tamil Nadu. Recently its area is also increasing in Andhra Pradesh.
Nutritive value - Nutrients obtained from coriander are given in the table -
(Nutrition Value of Spinach per 100 gm)
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Protein : 14.1 g Fat : 16.1 g Fiber : 32.6 g Carbohydrates
: 21.6 g Thiamine : 0.22 mg Riboflavin : 0.35 mg Nicotinic acid : 1.10 mg Vitamin A : 1570.0 IU
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How To Keep Coriander
Generally, large grained and early maturing varieties of coriander are grown in rainfed areas, whereas small or medium grained varieties are more popular in irrigated areas. Although improved varieties of coriander are available, farmers still grow its local varieties. It is very important to grow its improved varieties for higher yield and high quality grains. Information about improved varieties of coriander is given below-
Varieties developed by Indian Research Institute, New Delhi-
NPKD92
NPJ16, 21 and 214
S2-47
Pusa Selection-360
NPKD95
NPK172
Delhi Local
Varieties developed by Udaipur University Agricultural Research Center, Durgapura-
RC 1, RCR-41, RCR-20, RCR-435, RCR-436, UD 20 and 21
Varieties developed by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Agricultural Research Center, Durgapura-
Coimbatore - 1
Coimbatore -2
Coimbatore-3
Varieties developed by Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University-
Hisar Anand - Its plants have more branches and grow like a bush. It is a medium late variety. It is suitable for both leaves and grains. The stems of the plants are light purple in colour which changes to light green when the crop flowers while ripening. Its bunches are large, have more and thick grains. The grains are brownish-green in colour and give high yield.
Narnaul Selection - Plants have more branches, its grains are larger in size than local coriander and are greenish brown in colour. This variety gives more yield of coriander without cutting. The yield does not decrease even after one harvest.
Varieties developed by Gwalior Agricultural College of Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University -
T-5365
Varieties developed by Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar Uttarakhand -
Pant Haritama - The plant has more vegetative growth and initially the plants are spread below the ground. Both are small in size and greenish brown in colour. Two cuttings can be taken without reducing its yield.
Latest Varieties
(A) Indigenous varieties of coriander
Gajendra Swati, Sindhu, CS-287 Gujarat Dhaniya-1 and 2, Lam Selection, CS 2, DH 5, UP 41, CS 4, DH -5.
DWD - 3 - This variety has been developed by Agricultural Science University Dharwad Karnataka. This is an early variety, which is full of leaves and gives high quality grains. Plants of this variety are dwarf which grow 30-40 cm tall having 6-8 branches on average, flowering starts 45 days after sowing and the crop gets ready in 75-90 days, this variety is suitable for growing in both irrigated and rainfed areas, plucking of leaves starts in 25-30 days. From this, 7-10 quintals of yield can be obtained per hectare.
• RCR 441
• RCR 435
• RCR 436
• UD 446
• UD 684
• Azad Dhaniya-1
How To Sprout Coriander Seeds
(B) Foreign varieties of coriander
Simpo S-33 – This is a variety obtained from Bulgaria which is being successfully grown in different areas of India. It gives a yield of 2118 kg of seeds per hectare whereas other varieties of coriander give only 750 kg of seeds.
Climate - Climate has a special effect on the germination, development and growth of coriander plants. Coriander is a plant of tropical and sub-tropical climate. Mild heat at the time of germination and hot weather again at the time of ripening of seeds is good. Temperature and relative humidity in the climate affect the yield of coriander. The distribution of rainfall should also be proper.
Soil and Its Preparation - Coriander can be grown in different types of soils. Generally, in irrigated areas, it can be cultivated in almost all soils. But it should have sufficient amount of organic matter. In rainfed areas, black or other types of heavy soils which have good water retention capacity are suitable for growing coriander. In South India, the area where paddy is grown is a suitable crop for the cultivation of coriander. In some areas, coriander is also grown on red clay soils.
In summer, ploughing is done with a soil turning plough. After this, 3-4 ploughings are done with a local plough. After ploughing, definitely use a leveller so that the soil becomes soft.
Manure and Fertilizer - To get more yield from coriander crop, it is very important to add sufficient quantity of manure and fertilizer. It is better to add manure and fertilizer after soil testing. If due to some reason, soil testing is not possible, then add the following quantity of manure and fertilizer per hectare -
Farm Yard Manure or compost - 20 tons
Ammonium sulphate - 150 kg
Super phosphate - 300 kg
Muriate of potash - 100 kg
Add 20 tons of cow dung manure or compost in the soil 3 weeks before the final ploughing. Put all the three fertilizers mentioned above in the soil 3 days before sowing, later spray 40 kg urea with 0.2% solution twice on the leaves. First spray 30 days after germination and second spray 40-45 days later.
Application of micronutrients increases the yield of coriander. Foliar spray of MnSO4, ZnSO4 and CuSO4 each at the rate of 0.50% and soil application of FeSO4 5 kg per hectare or 0.125% before flowering stage has been found suitable for higher seed yield of coriander in sandy loam with less micronutrients.
How To Grow Coriander From Seed
Sowing - When to sow coriander is a very important issue. Not sowing it on time has an adverse effect on the yield. Various tests were conducted in S.K.N. Agricultural College, Jobner (Rajasthan) regarding when to sow it, which are mentioned below-
Four varieties of coriander namely Pusa Selection-360, RC-1, UD-20 and UD-21 were selected for testing. They were sown on 3 and 18 November and 3 December. The date of sowing and its effect on grain yield is shown in the table-
Date of sowing of coriander varieties and its effect on grain yield
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Variety |
Planting Date |
Grain Yield
gm/plant |
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3 November |
18 November |
3 December |
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Pusa Selection 360 RC-1 UD-20 UD-21 |
4.44 4.44 3.45 3.16 |
4.95 1.35 3.43 2.21 |
21.4 0.44 0.93 0.96 |
3.85 2.08 2.60 2.10 |
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Average Yield |
3.87 |
2.99 |
1.12 |
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Observation of the above table shows that early sowing on 3 November and 18 November gave higher yield. Pusa Selection-360 gave higher yield as compared to other varieties of coriander. The crop sown on 3 November gave a yield of 3.87 grams/plant, while the crop sown on 18 November gave a yield of 2.99 grams/plant.
The decision of sowing time depends on the temperature. Late sowing reduces the growth of plants and increases the possibility of diseases. In areas where frost occurs, coriander should be sown on time so that the crop does not get frost at the time of flowering because coriander gets maximum damage due to frost at this stage.
Seed Rate - In irrigated areas, 10-15 kg of coriander seeds are required for sowing coriander in one hectare. Whereas in rainfed areas, 25-30 kg of seeds are required.
Seed Treatment - Before sowing coriander seeds, spread them on a flat floor and divide them into two parts by rubbing them with feet or something else. In this process, keep in mind that the bacteria of the seeds should not be destroyed because if the bacteria are destroyed, germination will not take place.
Before sowing the seeds, soak them in water for 18-24 hours, after removing them from water, dry them in the shade for 3-4 hours.
Later, treat them with Bavistin, Agrosan GN (2 grams per kilogram of seeds) and then sow, so that coriander can be saved from fungal diseases.
Method of Sowing - Sow the seeds in the furrow behind the plough in the prepared field. Do not sow the seeds more than 3-5 cm deep. Keep the distance between rows and plants 30 cm and 10 cm respectively. If the soil is heavy or has been fertilized more, then the distance between rows should be kept at 40 cm.
Irrigation - Irrigation is of special importance in getting high yield of coriander. Irrigation has a good effect on the growth, development and yield of the plant. In irrigated areas, 3-4 irrigations are required for coriander crop in addition to ploughing. The first irrigation should be done 35-40 days after sowing, the second 60-70 days after sowing, the third 80-90 days after sowing and the fourth irrigation should be done 100 or 110 days after sowing. The time of irrigation is decided on the basis of the type of land and local weather. In rainfed areas, there should be no shortage of moisture in the soil at the time of formation of fruits and grains, otherwise the yield of coriander is adversely affected.
How To Plant Coriander From Seeds
Hoeing and Weeding - Weeds growing along with the coriander crop have an adverse effect on its yield. Hence. Weeding is very important for getting more yield of coriander. In rainfed areas, weeding should be done 40-50 days after sowing when the plants are 7-8 cm tall. By doing this, weeds are also removed and moisture is conserved.
Before germination of coriander weeds, spray 1-2 liters of weedicide Stomp and 500 ml of Tribunil 70 percent dissolved in 250-300 liters of water. There should be adequate moisture in the soil while spraying the weedicide. Even after this, if weeds are visible, then light weeding should be done to remove them.
Insect Control
Aphid - It attacks coriander crop mainly during flowering or after that. This insect sucks the juice of leaves, stalks, flowers, seeds etc. of the plant due to which there is a huge reduction in the yield.
Prevention - Make a solution of one liter of Dimethoate 30 EC or one liter of Metasystox 25 EC and spray it at the rate of per hectare. If necessary, spray again after 10 days. Do this spraying in the evening when the number of honey bees decreases.
Disease Control
Wilt - This disease is caused by the fungus "Fusarium oxysporum Form, A Corindai". This disease causes 40-50 percent damage. In the beginning of this disease, the leaves turn yellow and start falling. Later the whole plant withers. The vascular fibers of the roots become discolored. This is a soil borne disease. This fungus remains present in the soil for a long time.
Prevention - 1. Deep plow the coriander field in summer.
2. Before sowing the seeds, treat them with fungicide Agrosan GN, Captan or Ceresan at the rate of 2 grams per kilogram of seeds and then sow them.
3. Adopt a crop cycle of several years.
4. Grow the variety called 'T 5365'.
Powdery Mildew - This disease is caused by a fungus called 'Asciphy polygoni'. In this, a white powdery substance is deposited on the leaves and other parts. Fruits either do not appear at all or even if they appear, they do not ripen properly.
Prevention - 1. 0.3 percent 'Sulphex' should be sprayed. 2. Dissolve 500-750 ml of Calcarea medicine in 510-700 liters of water and spray it.
How To Germinate Coriander Seeds
Stem swelling - This disease is caused by Protomyces mycosvorum fungus due to which stems, petioles, flower stalks, leaves are affected. The stem swells.
Prevention -
1. There is no treatment for this. Grow a variety called RCR-41.
2. Treat the seeds with some fungicide and then sow.
3. Adopt proper crop rotation.
Harvesting - For green leaves, harvesting starts 30 days after sowing the plants. Sometimes they are uprooted and sold. For seeds, the crop ripens and gets ready in 120 to 125 days. However, when the crop ripens, the color of the grains starts turning yellow. This is the time to harvest the crop. Delay in harvesting spoils the colour of the grains due to which they fetch a low price in the market. The crop is harvested by uprooting it with a sickle. After harvesting, the plants are tied in bundles and left to dry. While stacking, keep the plants upside down so that the grains do not get direct sunlight. The colour of the grains also gets spoiled due to sunlight. If there is an arrangement to dry the crop in the shade, it is even better. The grains are separated by thrashing the dry crop and after winnowing it in the air, they are filled in sacks. Before filling the grains in the sacks, make sure that there is no excess moisture in them, otherwise the chances of the grains rotting increases.
Yield - The yield of coriander depends on the variety grown, fertility of the land, and care of the crop. Usually, 8-10 quintals of seeds and 12-14 quintals of green leaves are obtained per hectare. In Karnataka, its yield is up to 18-20 quintals per hectare. RCR-41 gives 18 quintals per hectare
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