Chillies indian
Botanical
Name : Capsicum frutescens L.
Family : Solonaceae
Chromosome
No. : 2n = 24
Chilli is grown in almost all the states of India. Andhra Pradesh is the biggest producer of chilli. After that comes Karnataka and Maharashtra. The productivity of chilli is the highest in Andhra Pradesh. After this comes Arunachal Pradesh and Punjab. The productivity of chilli in Andhra Pradesh and Punjab is more than Maharashtra and Karnataka, the reason for which is growing chilli in irrigated areas. Its area in South India is less than in North India. In India, chilli is cultivated mainly as a spice in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh.
History and Origin - The birthplace of chilli is considered to be Brazil in South America. Its plants are still found growing naturally in the forests of Brazil. In 1493 AD, Columbus took chilli seeds from Brazil with him to Spain. After this, it spread from there to Greece, Hungary and other countries of Europe. The Portuguese first brought it to India in the 17th century. At present, it is mainly grown in Brazil, the United States of America, Africa, Spain, China, Indonesia, India, Pakistan.
Chilli
(Nutrition Value of Chilli per 100gms)
Moisture
: 85.70 g Protein : 2.90
g Fat : 0.60 g Minerals : 1.00 g Fiber : 3.00 g Other
Carbohydrates : 3.00 g Calcium : 30.00 mg Magnesium
: 24.00 mg Oxalalic
Acid : 67.00 mg Phosphorus : 40.00 mg Sodium
: 2.02 mg Potassium : 217.00 mg Copper : 1.55 mg Sulfur
: 34.00 mg Chlorine
: 15.00 mg Thiamine : 0.19 mg Riboflavin : 0.11
mg Nicotinic
Acid : 0.90 mg Vitamin
C : 112.00 mg Vitamin
A : 282.00 IU |
Climate - Warmer climate is considered best for chilli. However, it can be successfully cultivated up to a height of 200 meters above sea level. Capsicum mainly gives good yield in autumn, while red chilli or spicy chilli can be grown in both summer and winter seasons. Proper germination of chilli seeds takes place at 15° C soil temperature. 20°-25° C temperature has been found appropriate for proper growth of plants, higher temperature and hot winds (loo) and frost cause a lot of damage.
Due to excessive evaporation, there is a shortage of water in the plants, as a result of which the flowers and immature fruits of chilli start falling rapidly in dry and extremely hot weather.
Short light period is required for vegetative growth of plants, whereas relatively longer period and higher temperature is required for proper development and red colour of pods.
Chilli cultivation cannot be done successfully in areas with high rainfall. Because the plants start rotting and the leaves start falling. In areas where annual rainfall is 60-125 cm and the water holding capacity of the soil is good, non-irrigated cultivation of chilli can be done there. In southern Rajasthan, chilli cultivation can be done throughout the year.
Jalokia Chilli
1. Spices and pickle varieties
2. Vegetable varieties
Varieties
|
Specifications |
Andhra Jyoti |
The pods of this variety are 3-4 cm long and 3-4 cm thick. It gives
1800 kg dry chillies per hectare. |
Arpana |
The pods of this variety are 8-3 cm long. The pods turn yellow when
ripe. The pungency in them is 0-7%. It gives 11-7 quintals of dry beans per
hectare. |
Arka Lohit |
This is a double purpose variety which is very pungency and gives 3.5
tonnes of dry chillies per hectare. |
Bhagyalakshmi |
The raw pods are green like olives which turn dark red when ripe. The
seeds are 30-40 percent. It gives 11.7 quintals and 50 quintals of dry beans
per hectare in rainfed and irrigated areas respectively. The pods are 7-8 cm long and 3 cm thick. |
CH -1 |
This is a hybrid variety which gives 249-4 quintals of green beans
per hectare. |
CO -1 |
The fruits of this variety are long and strong. This variety is very
spicy, 21 quintals of dry chillies are obtained per hectare. |
CO -2 |
The fruits are small, 2-4 cm long and are dark red in colour. Each
pod contains 7-8 seeds. 22-50 quintals of dry beans are obtained. |
CO -3 |
This variety is suitable for dense planting. 15-18 tonnes of green
chillies and 35 quintals of dry chillies are obtained per hectare. |
G- 3 |
The pods are 6-7 cm long and 3 cm thick. Immature pods are green and
ripe pods are red which remain smooth even after drying. It can be grown in both rainfed and
irrigated areas. The seeds are 44%. 10.6 quintals of dry beans are obtained
per hectare. |
Jawahar 218 |
The chilli are straight, thin, wrinkled, which are initially green in
colour and turn pinkish-red when ripe. This is a good variety. It is tolerant
to leaf curl and fruit rot. 18-22 quintals of dry chillies are obtained per
hectare. |
K-1 |
The beans are 6.6 cm long. 75-80 seeds are found in each pod.
Capsicyl is found in it at 0.4%. 17 quintals of dry chillies are obtained per
hectare. |
K2 |
The beans are 7-3 cm long. The beans are red in colour when dried.
Each fruit contains 80-85 seeds. Capsicin is 0.4%. 18 quintals of dry beans are obtained per
hectare. |
MDU |
Pods are 8 cm long, red, each pod contains 50-60 seeds. The crop is
ready in 210 days. It is a resistant variety to a disease called die-bank.
Capsaicin is present in large quantities. 19 quintals of dry chillies are
obtained per hectare. |
Musalwadi |
This variety has been found suitable for the northern mountainous
regions. 7728 kg of fresh fruits and 1931 kg of dry chillies are obtained
from this. This variety tolerates die-bank and powdery mildew. It is also
resistant to Lima curl. |
NP 46A |
Its pods are 8-9 cm long, thin and wrinkled. Green pods turn red when
ripe. Susceptible to virus disease (mosaic) and leaf curl. Its pods have
normal pungency. Therefore, it can be
used as a salad. 70-80 quintals of green chillies are obtained per hectare. |
Pant C1 |
This variety has been derived from the hybridization of NP 46A and
Kandhari variety. Its plants grow up to 75 cm and stand straight, the pods
are 4-6 cm long and stand upwards on the plant. Its pods are very spicy. On
ripening, the chillies turn bright red. This variety can be successfully
grown in both winter and summer seasons. It gives 12 quintals of dry chillies
per hectare. |
Pant C2 |
This variety has the ability to tolerate Pendont virus disease and
leaf curl. 14 quintals of dry chillies are obtained per hectare. |
Punjab red |
The pods are straight, medium sized (4.25 cm-79 cm) dark green in
colour which turn dark red when ripe. It contains capsicin, oleoresin, dry
matter and red colour in abundance. It is generally resistant to diseases
like dieback and fruit rot. 100-120 quintals of green chillies are obtained
per hectare. |
Pusa Jwala |
This variety has been developed by hybridisation of MP 46 A and Puri
Red. It is a virus resistant and high yielding improved variety which ripens
a little early. Its fruits are long, thin and curved. The fruits are green in
immature stage and turn very red in mature stage. Its plants remain laden
with fruits. The fruits are quite pungency. |
Pusa Sadabahar |
This is a perennial variety in which 6-14 fruits grow in
bunches. This variety gives 2-3 crops
in a year. Ripe pods are bright red in colour. This variety is resistant to
diseases like Cucurbit Mosaic (CMV) and Potato Virus Y (P.V.Y.) and Leaf
Curl. It gives 15-20 quintals of dry chillies per hectare. |
Sankeshwar 32 |
The pods of this variety are 2-5-3-0 cm long. They are thin and
shrunken. Immature pods are green which become red on ripening. It is mostly
grown for dry chillies. The red colour of the pods remains intact during
storage. |
X 235 |
This variety has been prepared by hybridization of 'G 4' and 'Yellow
Anthramutant'. The pods are thin, 5-6 cm long. The seeds are 45 percent. The
chilli is quite spicy. The calyx is
deep cup-shaped. Up to 75 quintals of dry chilli can be obtained per hectare. |
Jawahar Mirch 283 |
The pods of this variety are ready for first harvesting in 105-110
days after planting, while the crop is ready in 130-135 days. Its pods are
green, smooth, straight, sharp and shiny. This variety is tolerant to fruit
rot, dye bank, mites and thips. It can be grown even in summers. It is
suitable for growing in entire Madhya Pradesh. |
K 5452 |
The fruits of this variety stand upwards. The pods are thick, red and
have more seeds. 20-22 quintals of dry chilli can be obtained per hectare. |
HC 44 (Hisar Shakti) |
This is an early variety. The fruits grow in bunches and stand
upwards. The fruits are very pungent
and their length is 9-10 cm. This variety is resistant to virus disease. It
gives 750 quintals of green pods and 130-135 quintals of dry chillies per
hectare. |
HC 28 (Hisar Vijay) |
This is an early variety. Fruits grow in bunches and stand upwards.
In winters, the colour of the fruits turns black, which turns red on
ripening. The fruits are very thin, pointed and sharp. 1125 quintals of green
chillies and 90 quintals of dry chillies are obtained per hectare. |
Kalyanpur Chamatkar |
This is a hybrid variety. Its pods are long, red and sharp. It gives
35 quintals of dry beans per hectare. |
Kalyanpur Chaman |
This is an early maturing variety. Its pods are long, red and
sharp. It gives 35 quintals of dry
beans per hectare. |
Cayenne Chilli
First plough the field with a soil turning plough. After that do 2-3 ploughings with a cultivator or harrow. After every ploughing, do a levelling so that the soil becomes friable and the moisture is preserved. Then, as per the irrigation facility, beds and irrigation channels should be constructed.
Preparation of seedlings in the nursery -
Like tomato and brinjal, it is planted in frost-free plains in all three seasons, summer, rainy and autumn. But where there is a high possibility of frost, only summer and Kharif crops are taken. Seeds are first sown in the nursery. About 500 grams to 1 kg of hot chilli seeds are sufficient for transplanting in one hectare of field. Generally, to prepare seedlings for 1 hectare, seeds have to be sown in an area of 50-60 square meters. After selecting the place for the nursery, the soil is made friable by hoeing it well. After this, 15 cm high, 1 or 1.25 meter wide and 5 meter wide beds are made. A 30 cm wide drain is left between two beds which is used for irrigation, weeding, spraying medicine and water drainage. A small amount of cow dung manure or compost and super phosphate is added to the beds and mixed well with the soil. Before sowing the seeds, they are treated with Capran at the rate of 2.5 grams per kg of seeds.
Time of sowing and transplanting of chilli according to the weather at different places
Area
of the state |
Sown
time |
Planting
time |
Terai and hilly areas
(Uttarakhand) |
February-March |
March-April |
Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab |
July-August |
August-September |
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar |
May-January |
June-July |
Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and
Tamil Nadu |
End of May to mid-August |
June-July to September |
Hottest Pepper
Manure and Fertilizer-
For getting a good yield of chilli, manure and fertilizer should be applied after soil testing. If soil testing is not possible, then in that case the following quantity of manure and fertilizer should be applied per hectare.
Nitrogen : 80 kg
Phosphorus : 40 kg
Potash : 40 kg
Before uprooting the plant, the nursery should be lightly irrigated so that the plant can be uprooted easily along with the roots. Plants are planted in rows in the prepared field. The distance between rows is 45 cm and the distance between plants is 30 cm. As far as possible, transplantation should be done in the evening. Irrigation should be done immediately after transplantation. 5-6 days after transplantation, new plants should be planted in place of the dead plants. If there is no proper arrangement of water drainage in the field during the rainy season, then the plant should be planted on the ridges.
Irrigation and drainage -
Hot Peppers Types
Spraying 50 ppm naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at the time of flowering reduces the falling of flowers and increases the yield by about 40 percent. Spraying 400 ppm Ethrel in summer and winter crops also increases the yield.
At the time of flower formation, 1 ml Planofix should be dissolved in 4-5 liters of water and sprayed. The second spray should be done 20 days after the first spray. Doing this increases the yield.
Weed control-
It is very important to control weeds in the initial stage of chilli. Weeding is required 2-3 times in the initial stage. Weeding should be done as little as possible during flowering stage. Because it causes the flowers and pods to fall, resulting in a huge reduction in yield.
Weeding 2-3 days after irrigation helps retain moisture in the soil for a longer period.
Use of weedicides has also proved beneficial for controlling chilli weeds. 2 litres of Tokai-25 should be dissolved in 6-26 litres of water and sprayed before transplanting. Then weeding should be done once after 30 days. Some scientists also recommend applying soil on the roots.
Thrips - These small insects suck the juice of leaves and other soft parts. As a result, the development and growth of plants is adversely affected. Due to sucking the juice of leaves, white stripes appear on the leaves. Leaves curl and the formation of flowers stops or the already formed flowers fall and the fruiting stops completely. Hence, the yield is adversely affected.
Control-
- Variety named NP 46 A should be grown because this variety is resistant to thrips.
- In case of attack, Monocrotophos 36 SL or Methyl Demeton 25 EC should be sprayed by dissolving 1 ml in one liter of water.
Chilli Jalapeno
Aphid - These are small greenish yellow coloured insects. Its larvae and adults affect the growth and development of plants by sucking juice from various parts of the plant. The leaves of the affected plants develop yellow and dark green spots. Plants bear fewer flowers and fruits. Plants become small and bushy. They also spread viral diseases in plants.
Control - Spray 25 kg of carbaryl (5%) or malathion (5%) powder per hectare.
Spray 800-1000 litres of Monocrotophos (40 EC) 500-600 ml or Phosphamidon (85 SL) 200-250 ml.
Fruit borer - The larvae of this insect enter the pods by making holes in them and keep eating the pods. Sometimes this insect also cuts the soft branches of the plants.
Control - To control this insect, 0.2% solution of Sevin should be sprayed. Second spraying of the solution should be done after 12-15 days.
Spraying should be done after plucking the pods and then the pods should be plucked only after 5-7 days of spraying.
Cut worm – This insect attacks small plants more. This insect cuts the chilli plants near the ground. Due to which the yield is adversely affected. 1
Control – To prevent this insect, 20-25 kg of Andrax 5% dust should be mixed in the soil before planting the saplings in the field.
Mites - Many species of this insect damage the crop by eating the leaves of chilli. Both its larvae and adults damage the crop.
Control - To control this insect, spray 10-1-3 litre of Dicofol 18.5 EC in 625 litres of water. If necessary, do the second spraying after 10-15 days.
Types of Chilli Peppers
Damping off - This is a fungal disease, in which various species of Pythium, Phytophthora, Fusarium and Rhizoctonia are prominent. They first attack at the time of germination of seeds. As soon as the seedling comes out of the seed, it rots due to their attack. If it escapes from them and comes above the ground, then the part of the stem near the ground appears water soaked, in which rotting starts; due to which the seedling falls.
Control-
- Before sowing, treat the seeds with 2-3 grams of Capran or Thiram per kilogram of seed and then sow.
- Keep the land of the nursery 15 cm so that the excess water can drain out.
- Before sowing seeds in the nursery, add capran or thiram at the rate of 4-5 grams per square meter.
- Do not sow seeds densely.
- Irrigate lightly and frequently.
- Mix one kilogram of Blitox-50 in 300 liters of water or spray Difolatan 0.2% and soak the soil with the medicine (drenching).
Anthracnose – This disease is caused by a fungus called Colletoticum capsici. It is a very widespread disease of chilli. Due to this disease, the soft apex of the branches on mature plants gets degenerated and dries up. Later, the process of drying progresses downwards. This condition is called apex decay. This disease occurs on fruits at the time of ripening. When the fruits start turning red, small black and round spots appear on them. These spots grow in the length of the fruit. Later, their colour becomes grey. In the final stage, the fruits turn black and fall.
Control –
- Healthy and certified seed should be sown.
- Before sowing the seed, it should be treated with Captan or Ceresan.
- Keep uprooting the diseased plants from the crop from time to time and burn the crop residues.
- Spray 0.2-0.3% solution of Blightax-50 on the crop every week
- Crop rotation should be adopted.
Powdery Mildew - This is a disease caused by fungus. Symptoms of the disease usually first appear in the form of white powdery spots on the upper surface of leaves and new stems. The powder present on the spots resembles talcum powder.
Control - Spray Karathane (0.05%) or Calixin (0.2%) every week.
Fruit rot - This disease is caused by a fungus called Phytophthora. Initially, it appears on fruits in the form of yellowish brown concentric spots with tuberous pubescence. Fruits are destroyed by soft rot!
Control -
- Appropriate crop rotation, weed control and proper drainage of water are essential for controlling this disease.
- Dithane M-45 (0.2%) solution should be sprayed every week.
Chillies indian
Bacterial Spot - This disease is caused by a bacterium called "Xanthomonas becqueroria". The spots on the leaves are small, raised, brown, smooth at first and later become rough. The diseased leaves turn yellow and fall. The infection also occurs on unripe fruits.
Control -
- For sowing, seeds should be taken from a healthy crop.
- Before sowing, the seeds should be treated at the rate of 2.5 grams of Agrosan per kilogram of seed.
- Control the weeds in the field.
- As soon as the symptoms of the disease appear, dissolve Streptomycin 200 ml per liter of water and spray at an interval of 15 days.
Leaf Curl - This is the disease that causes the most damage to the chilli crop. Due to the outbreak of the disease, the leaves shrink and curl, they become small and wrinkled. The entire plant remains dwarf. This disease is caused by white fly.
Control—
- Uproot the diseased plants and burn them.
- To destroy the disease carrying insects, spray 0.1 percent Malathion, Dazinan, Metasystox etc. at an interval of 7 days.
- Mix granular insecticide Carbofuran at the rate of 1.5-3.0 kg per hectare in the soil before planting the saplings.
Mosaic Virus - Due to this disease, dark and light green yellowish spots are formed on the leaves. Sucking insects help in spreading this disease.
Control -
- Use healthy seeds for sowing.
- The remains of the diseased crop should be collected from the field and nursery land and burnt.
- Grow only disease resistant varieties.
At domestic level, usually the beans are dried by spreading them on the floor or roof. The chilli is turned over every day. It takes 10-15 days to dry chilli by this method.
At commercial level, it is dried by spreading it in trays at 130°F. In this way, the drying of chilli is completed in 2-3 days.
0 Comments