Chillies indian

 

Chillies indian

                                                             
                                                               

Chillies indian



   

 

Botanical Name           : Capsicum frutescens L.

Family                          : Solonaceae

Chromosome No.        : 2n = 24

 Chilli (Capsicum species) is a cash spice crop. India is a major producer, exporter and consumer of chilli. Indian chilli is exported to more than 90 countries of the world. Bangladesh, Bahrain, Canada, Italy, Israel, Japan, Malaysia, Netherlands, Philippines, Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, USA and UAE are importing countries from which we get foreign currency.

Chilli is grown in almost all the states of India. Andhra Pradesh is the biggest producer of chilli. After that comes Karnataka and Maharashtra. The productivity of chilli is the highest in Andhra Pradesh. After this comes Arunachal Pradesh and Punjab. The productivity of chilli in Andhra Pradesh and Punjab is more than Maharashtra and Karnataka, the reason for which is growing chilli in irrigated areas. Its area in South India is less than in North India. In India, chilli is cultivated mainly as a spice in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh.


History and Origin - The birthplace of chilli is considered to be Brazil in South America. Its plants are still found growing naturally in the forests of Brazil. In 1493 AD, Columbus took chilli seeds from Brazil with him to Spain. After this, it spread from there to Greece, Hungary and other countries of Europe. The Portuguese first brought it to India in the 17th century. At present, it is mainly grown in Brazil, the United States of America, Africa, Spain, China, Indonesia, India, Pakistan.

Chilli

 Nutritional value – Apart from being a spice, chilli is also used as medicine, sauce, salad and pickle. The pungency or pungentness in chilli is due to an alkaloid called capsicin. Vitamin A and C, phosphorus, calcium and other minerals are found in abundance in chilli. The food value of chilli is as follows in the table—

                                                                                                 

                                            (Nutrition Value of Chilli per 100gms)            

Moisture                      :  85.70 g

Protein                         :  2.90 g

Fat                                 :  0.60 g

Minerals                       :  1.00 g

Fiber                              :  3.00 g

Other Carbohydrates :  3.00 g

Calcium                         :  30.00 mg

Magnesium                  :  24.00 mg

Oxalalic Acid                :  67.00 mg

Phosphorus                  :  40.00 mg

Sodium                          :  2.02 mg

Potassium                     :  217.00 mg

Copper                           :  1.55 mg

Sulfur                             :  34.00 mg

Chlorine                         :  15.00 mg

Thiamine                       :  0.19 mg

Riboflavin                      :  0.11 mg

Nicotinic Acid               :  0.90 mg

Vitamin C                      :   112.00 mg

Vitamin A                      :  282.00 IU

 

Climate - Warmer climate is considered best for chilli. However, it can be successfully cultivated up to a height of 200 meters above sea level. Capsicum mainly gives good yield in autumn, while red chilli or spicy chilli can be grown in both summer and winter seasons. Proper germination of chilli seeds takes place at 15° C soil temperature. 20°-25° C temperature has been found appropriate for proper growth of plants, higher temperature and hot winds (loo) and frost cause a lot of damage.

Due to excessive evaporation, there is a shortage of water in the plants, as a result of which the flowers and immature fruits of chilli start falling rapidly in dry and extremely hot weather.

Short light period is required for vegetative growth of plants, whereas relatively longer period and higher temperature is required for proper development and red colour of pods.

Chilli cultivation cannot be done successfully in areas with high rainfall. Because the plants start rotting and the leaves start falling. In areas where annual rainfall is 60-125 cm and the water holding capacity of the soil is good, non-irrigated cultivation of chilli can be done there. In southern Rajasthan, chilli cultivation can be done throughout the year.

Jalokia Chilli

Soil - Chilli can be cultivated in different types of soils. For its cultivation, loamy or sandy loamy soil with proper drainage and abundant organic matter is considered the best. In non-irrigated areas, black soils give heavy yield. Chilli can also be cultivated in slightly acidic soils. For successful cultivation of chilli, the pH value should be 6-7. In coastal areas, it can be grown at pH value 5 and in vertisol soils at pH value 9. Soils containing salt and alkali are considered to be obstacles in its successful production. Soil containing salt affects its germination and initial vigour.


 Improved Varieties - Chilli varieties are mainly divided into two parts-

1. Spices and pickle varieties

2. Vegetable varieties


 Major improved/hybrid varieties of spice and pickle chillies

 

 

                              

Varieties

 

Specifications

Andhra Jyoti

The pods of this variety are 3-4 cm long and 3-4 cm thick. It gives 1800 kg dry chillies per hectare.

Arpana

The pods of this variety are 8-3 cm long. The pods turn yellow when ripe. The pungency in them is 0-7%. It gives 11-7 quintals of dry beans per hectare.

Arka Lohit

This is a double purpose variety which is very pungency and gives 3.5 tonnes of dry chillies per hectare.

Bhagyalakshmi

The raw pods are green like olives which turn dark red when ripe. The seeds are 30-40 percent. It gives 11.7 quintals and 50 quintals of dry beans per hectare in rainfed and irrigated areas respectively.  The pods are 7-8 cm long and 3 cm thick.

CH -1

This is a hybrid variety which gives 249-4 quintals of green beans per hectare.

CO -1

The fruits of this variety are long and strong. This variety is very spicy, 21 quintals of dry chillies are obtained per hectare.

CO -2

The fruits are small, 2-4 cm long and are dark red in colour. Each pod contains 7-8 seeds. 22-50 quintals of dry beans are obtained.

CO -3

This variety is suitable for dense planting. 15-18 tonnes of green chillies and 35 quintals of dry chillies are obtained per hectare.

G- 3

The pods are 6-7 cm long and 3 cm thick. Immature pods are green and ripe pods are red which remain smooth even after drying.  It can be grown in both rainfed and irrigated areas. The seeds are 44%. 10.6 quintals of dry beans are obtained per hectare.

Jawahar 218

The chilli are straight, thin, wrinkled, which are initially green in colour and turn pinkish-red when ripe. This is a good variety. It is tolerant to leaf curl and fruit rot. 18-22 quintals of dry chillies are obtained per hectare.

K-1

The beans are 6.6 cm long. 75-80 seeds are found in each pod. Capsicyl is found in it at 0.4%. 17 quintals of dry chillies are obtained per hectare.

K2

The beans are 7-3 cm long. The beans are red in colour when dried. Each fruit contains 80-85 seeds. Capsicin is 0.4%.  18 quintals of dry beans are obtained per hectare.

MDU

Pods are 8 cm long, red, each pod contains 50-60 seeds. The crop is ready in 210 days. It is a resistant variety to a disease called die-bank. Capsaicin is present in large quantities. 19 quintals of dry chillies are obtained per hectare.

Musalwadi

This variety has been found suitable for the northern mountainous regions. 7728 kg of fresh fruits and 1931 kg of dry chillies are obtained from this. This variety tolerates die-bank and powdery mildew. It is also resistant to Lima curl.

NP 46A

Its pods are 8-9 cm long, thin and wrinkled. Green pods turn red when ripe. Susceptible to virus disease (mosaic) and leaf curl. Its pods have normal pungency.  Therefore, it can be used as a salad. 70-80 quintals of green chillies are obtained per hectare.

Pant C1

This variety has been derived from the hybridization of NP 46A and Kandhari variety. Its plants grow up to 75 cm and stand straight, the pods are 4-6 cm long and stand upwards on the plant. Its pods are very spicy. On ripening, the chillies turn bright red. This variety can be successfully grown in both winter and summer seasons. It gives 12 quintals of dry chillies per hectare.

Pant C2

This variety has the ability to tolerate Pendont virus disease and leaf curl. 14 quintals of dry chillies are obtained per hectare.

Punjab red

The pods are straight, medium sized (4.25 cm-79 cm) dark green in colour which turn dark red when ripe. It contains capsicin, oleoresin, dry matter and red colour in abundance. It is generally resistant to diseases like dieback and fruit rot. 100-120 quintals of green chillies are obtained per hectare.

Pusa Jwala

This variety has been developed by hybridisation of MP 46 A and Puri Red. It is a virus resistant and high yielding improved variety which ripens a little early. Its fruits are long, thin and curved. The fruits are green in immature stage and turn very red in mature stage. Its plants remain laden with fruits. The fruits are quite pungency.

Pusa Sadabahar

This is a perennial variety in which 6-14 fruits grow in bunches.  This variety gives 2-3 crops in a year. Ripe pods are bright red in colour. This variety is resistant to diseases like Cucurbit Mosaic (CMV) and Potato Virus Y (P.V.Y.) and Leaf Curl. It gives 15-20 quintals of dry chillies per hectare.

Sankeshwar 32

The pods of this variety are 2-5-3-0 cm long. They are thin and shrunken. Immature pods are green which become red on ripening. It is mostly grown for dry chillies. The red colour of the pods remains intact during storage.

X 235

This variety has been prepared by hybridization of 'G 4' and 'Yellow Anthramutant'. The pods are thin, 5-6 cm long. The seeds are 45 percent. The chilli is quite spicy.  The calyx is deep cup-shaped. Up to 75 quintals of dry chilli can be obtained per hectare.

Jawahar Mirch 283

The pods of this variety are ready for first harvesting in 105-110 days after planting, while the crop is ready in 130-135 days. Its pods are green, smooth, straight, sharp and shiny. This variety is tolerant to fruit rot, dye bank, mites and thips. It can be grown even in summers. It is suitable for growing in entire Madhya Pradesh.

K 5452

The fruits of this variety stand upwards. The pods are thick, red and have more seeds. 20-22 quintals of dry chilli can be obtained per hectare.

HC 44 (Hisar Shakti)

This is an early variety. The fruits grow in bunches and stand upwards.  The fruits are very pungent and their length is 9-10 cm. This variety is resistant to virus disease. It gives 750 quintals of green pods and 130-135 quintals of dry chillies per hectare.

HC 28 (Hisar Vijay)

This is an early variety. Fruits grow in bunches and stand upwards. In winters, the colour of the fruits turns black, which turns red on ripening. The fruits are very thin, pointed and sharp. 1125 quintals of green chillies and 90 quintals of dry chillies are obtained per hectare.

Kalyanpur Chamatkar

This is a hybrid variety. Its pods are long, red and sharp. It gives 35 quintals of dry beans per hectare.

Kalyanpur Chaman

This is an early maturing variety. Its pods are long, red and sharp.  It gives 35 quintals of dry beans per hectare.

                                                                                
                                                                          

Chillies indian

 Cayenne Chilli

 

 Preparation of the field -

First plough the field with a soil turning plough. After that do 2-3 ploughings with a cultivator or harrow. After every ploughing, do a levelling so that the soil becomes friable and the moisture is preserved. Then, as per the irrigation facility, beds and irrigation channels should be constructed.


Preparation of seedlings in the nursery -


Like tomato and brinjal, it is planted in frost-free plains in all three seasons, summer, rainy and autumn. But where there is a high possibility of frost, only summer and Kharif crops are taken. Seeds are first sown in the nursery. About 500 grams to 1 kg of hot chilli seeds are sufficient for transplanting in one hectare of field. Generally, to prepare seedlings for 1 hectare, seeds have to be sown in an area of ​​50-60 square meters. After selecting the place for the nursery, the soil is made friable by hoeing it well. After this, 15 cm high, 1 or 1.25 meter wide and 5 meter wide beds are made. A 30 cm wide drain is left between two beds which is used for irrigation, weeding, spraying medicine and water drainage. A small amount of cow dung manure or compost and super phosphate is added to the beds and mixed well with the soil. Before sowing the seeds, they are treated with Capran at the rate of 2.5 grams per kg of seeds.


 Sowing of seeds in the beds is done at different times in different places. Which is mentioned in the table below-

 

Time of sowing and transplanting of chilli according to the weather at different places

 

Area of ​​the state

 

Sown time

 

Planting time

 

 

Terai and hilly areas (Uttarakhand)

February-March

March-April

Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab

July-August

 

August-September

Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar

 

May-January

June-July

Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu

 

End of May to mid-August

June-July to September

 

 Seeds are sown in the beds at a depth of 1 to 1.5 cm in rows made at a distance of 10-15 cm. After sowing the seeds, they are covered with a 1 cm thick layer of a mixture of cow dung and soil (1:1). After this, the beds are covered with dry grass. Before the seeds germinate, irrigation is done with sprinklers as per the need. When the germination process is complete, the grass is removed and then irrigation is done through drains. Weeds should be removed and medicines should be sprayed to protect against pests and diseases. For the rainy season crop, the seedlings are ready in 4-6 weeks. Whereas for the winter crop, it takes 8-10 weeks. Plants should be transplanted when the plants become 10-15 cm tall.

Hottest Pepper

Manure and Fertilizer-


For getting a good yield of chilli, manure and fertilizer should be applied after soil testing. If soil testing is not possible, then in that case the following quantity of manure and fertilizer should be applied per hectare.


Farm Yard Manure : 25-50 tons

Nitrogen                  : 80 kg

Phosphorus              : 40 kg

Potash                      : 40 kg


 Farm Yard Manure should be spread evenly in the field before July 1st. Half the quantity of nitrogen, full quantity of phosphorus and potash should be mixed and applied at the time of final ploughing. The remaining half quantity of nitrogen should be divided into two equal parts and given as top dressing 20 and 40 days after transplantation and then mixed in the soil with the help of a hoe.


 Transplantation -

Before uprooting the plant, the nursery should be lightly irrigated so that the plant can be uprooted easily along with the roots. Plants are planted in rows in the prepared field. The distance between rows is 45 cm and the distance between plants is 30 cm. As far as possible, transplantation should be done in the evening. Irrigation should be done immediately after transplantation. 5-6 days after transplantation, new plants should be planted in place of the dead plants. If there is no proper arrangement of water drainage in the field during the rainy season, then the plant should be planted on the ridges.

Irrigation and drainage -


In India, the main crop is usually rain dependent but irrigation is done when the land becomes dry. Irrigation depends on the season, soil and variety. Usually the first irrigation is done immediately after planting and subsequent irrigations are done as per requirement. The general rule is that whenever there is a lack of moisture in the soil, irrigation should be done. Generally, irrigation should be done at an interval of 6-8 days in summers and at an interval of 10-15 days in winters. Generally, irrigation is not required in the rainy season. Irrigation should be done every 10-15 days but in case of no rain for a long time, this is because flowers start falling in drought conditions. If there is excess moisture in the field at the time of formation of flowers and pods, then there is a huge reduction in the yield. To prevent the flowers from falling, it is very important to maintain normal moisture in the field. 


 If excess water accumulates in the soil due to rain or any other reason, it should be drained out immediately, otherwise the crop turns yellow and dies.

Hot Peppers Types

 Use of plant controls-

Spraying 50 ppm naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at the time of flowering reduces the falling of flowers and increases the yield by about 40 percent. Spraying 400 ppm Ethrel in summer and winter crops also increases the yield.


At the time of flower formation, 1 ml Planofix should be dissolved in 4-5 liters of water and sprayed. The second spray should be done 20 days after the first spray. Doing this increases the yield.

 

Weed control-

It is very important to control weeds in the initial stage of chilli. Weeding is required 2-3 times in the initial stage. Weeding should be done as little as possible during flowering stage. Because it causes the flowers and pods to fall, resulting in a huge reduction in yield.

Weeding 2-3 days after irrigation helps retain moisture in the soil for a longer period.

Use of weedicides has also proved beneficial for controlling chilli weeds. 2 litres of Tokai-25 should be dissolved in 6-26 litres of water and sprayed before transplanting. Then weeding should be done once after 30 days. Some scientists also recommend applying soil on the roots.


Pest control-


Thrips - These small insects suck the juice of leaves and other soft parts. As a result, the development and growth of plants is adversely affected. Due to sucking the juice of leaves, white stripes appear on the leaves. Leaves curl and the formation of flowers stops or the already formed flowers fall and the fruiting stops completely. Hence, the yield is adversely affected.

Control-

- Variety named NP 46 A should be grown because this variety is resistant to thrips.

- In case of attack, Monocrotophos 36 SL or Methyl Demeton 25 EC should be sprayed by dissolving 1 ml in one liter of water.

Chilli Jalapeno

Aphid - These are small greenish yellow coloured insects. Its larvae and adults affect the growth and development of plants by sucking juice from various parts of the plant. The leaves of the affected plants develop yellow and dark green spots. Plants bear fewer flowers and fruits. Plants become small and bushy. They also spread viral diseases in plants.


Control - Spray 25 kg of carbaryl (5%) or malathion (5%) powder per hectare.

Spray 800-1000 litres of Monocrotophos (40 EC) 500-600 ml or Phosphamidon (85 SL) 200-250 ml.


Fruit borer - The larvae of this insect enter the pods by making holes in them and keep eating the pods. Sometimes this insect also cuts the soft branches of the plants.

Control - To control this insect, 0.2% solution of Sevin should be sprayed. Second spraying of the solution should be done after 12-15 days.

Spraying should be done after plucking the pods and then the pods should be plucked only after 5-7 days of spraying.


Cut worm – This insect attacks small plants more. This insect cuts the chilli plants near the ground. Due to which the yield is adversely affected. 1

Control – To prevent this insect, 20-25 kg of Andrax 5% dust should be mixed in the soil before planting the saplings in the field.


Mites - Many species of this insect damage the crop by eating the leaves of chilli. Both its larvae and adults damage the crop.

Control - To control this insect, spray 10-1-3 litre of Dicofol 18.5 EC in 625 litres of water. If necessary, do the second spraying after 10-15 days.

 

Types of Chilli Peppers

 Disease control-


Damping off - This is a fungal disease, in which various species of Pythium, Phytophthora, Fusarium and Rhizoctonia are prominent. They first attack at the time of germination of seeds. As soon as the seedling comes out of the seed, it rots due to their attack. If it escapes from them and comes above the ground, then the part of the stem near the ground appears water soaked, in which rotting starts; due to which the seedling falls.

Control-

- Before sowing, treat the seeds with 2-3 grams of Capran or Thiram per kilogram of seed and then sow.

- Keep the land of the nursery 15 cm so that the excess water can drain out.

- Before sowing seeds in the nursery, add capran or thiram at the rate of 4-5 grams per square meter.

- Do not sow seeds densely.

- Irrigate lightly and frequently.

- Mix one kilogram of Blitox-50 in 300 liters of water or spray Difolatan 0.2% and soak the soil with the medicine (drenching).


Anthracnose – This disease is caused by a fungus called Colletoticum capsici. It is a very widespread disease of chilli. Due to this disease, the soft apex of the branches on mature plants gets degenerated and dries up. Later, the process of drying progresses downwards. This condition is called apex decay. This disease occurs on fruits at the time of ripening. When the fruits start turning red, small black and round spots appear on them. These spots grow in the length of the fruit. Later, their colour becomes grey. In the final stage, the fruits turn black and fall.

Control –

- Healthy and certified seed should be sown.

- Before sowing the seed, it should be treated with Captan or Ceresan.

- Keep uprooting the diseased plants from the crop from time to time and burn the crop residues.

- Spray 0.2-0.3% solution of Blightax-50 on the crop every week

- Crop rotation should be adopted.


Powdery Mildew - This is a disease caused by fungus. Symptoms of the disease usually first appear in the form of white powdery spots on the upper surface of leaves and new stems. The powder present on the spots resembles talcum powder.

Control - Spray Karathane (0.05%) or Calixin (0.2%) every week.


Fruit rot - This disease is caused by a fungus called Phytophthora. Initially, it appears on fruits in the form of yellowish brown concentric spots with tuberous pubescence. Fruits are destroyed by soft rot!

Control -

- Appropriate crop rotation, weed control and proper drainage of water are essential for controlling this disease.

- Dithane M-45 (0.2%) solution should be sprayed every week.

Chillies indian

Bacterial Spot - This disease is caused by a bacterium called "Xanthomonas becqueroria". The spots on the leaves are small, raised, brown, smooth at first and later become rough. The diseased leaves turn yellow and fall. The infection also occurs on unripe fruits.

Control -

- For sowing, seeds should be taken from a healthy crop.

- Before sowing, the seeds should be treated at the rate of 2.5 grams of Agrosan per kilogram of seed.

- Control the weeds in the field.

- As soon as the symptoms of the disease appear, dissolve Streptomycin 200 ml per liter of water and spray at an interval of 15 days.


Leaf Curl - This is the disease that causes the most damage to the chilli crop. Due to the outbreak of the disease, the leaves shrink and curl, they become small and wrinkled. The entire plant remains dwarf. This disease is caused by white fly.

Control—

- Uproot the diseased plants and burn them.

- To destroy the disease carrying insects, spray 0.1 percent Malathion, Dazinan, Metasystox etc. at an interval of 7 days.

- Mix granular insecticide Carbofuran at the rate of 1.5-3.0 kg per hectare in the soil before planting the saplings.


Mosaic Virus - Due to this disease, dark and light green yellowish spots are formed on the leaves. Sucking insects help in spreading this disease.

Control -

- Use healthy seeds for sowing.

- The remains of the diseased crop should be collected from the field and nursery land and burnt.

- Grow only disease resistant varieties.


Harvesting - Picking of chillies depends on its use. Green chillies are picked when they are of full size. For salad and chutney, chillies are picked before they turn red. These are picked by hand and are picked twice a week. Pickled chillies are picked when they turn completely red. They should be picked before they dry. Spicy chillies should be picked only when they are fully ripe.


Yield – The yield of chilli depends on the variety, soil, climate and crop management. Generally, 70 to 100 quintals of green chilli and 10-15 quintals of dry chilli are obtained per hectare.

At domestic level, usually the beans are dried by spreading them on the floor or roof. The chilli is turned over every day. It takes 10-15 days to dry chilli by this method.

At commercial level, it is dried by spreading it in trays at 130°F. In this way, the drying of chilli is completed in 2-3 days.

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